When it comes to high blood pressure, Public Enemy #1 has always been salt. For years, our doctors, governments, dietary guidelines, health institutes (such as the American Heart Association) and the media have bombarded us with warnings to reduce our sodium intake or face a higher risk of hypertension, cardiovascular disease and death. We listened... and most of us did what we thought was right and cut back on salt. But some researchers are suggesting that this has all been one more big, long-standing jag of health misinformation. They provide evidence that salt isn't all that bad and has a minimal effect on blood pressure and that another ubiquitous food flavoring-sugar-is the real culprit behind the explosive rate of high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease in America. Could sugar be affecting your blood pressure?
The "Added Sugar" Effect
Sugar, mainly in the form of fructose added to processed foods, is the more aggressive villain behind the explosion of hypertension rates and cardiovascular disease. Americans consume an average of 24 to 47 teaspoons of sugar a day in the form of processed foods loaded with fructose. Neither the American Heart Association nor the World Health Organization provides a recommendation about daily limits of fructose consumption, but animal and human studies have shown that a diet high in fructose affects blood pressure by increasing blood levels of insulin and sabotaging how the body metabolizes it. Insulin excess, in tum, overstimulates the sympathetic nervous system (the part responsible for the fight-or-flight response), which then can result in high blood pressure.
Numerous studies showing strong associations between insulin resistance and high blood pressure, including one showing that, whereas insulin resistance affects approximately 25% of the general population, it affects up to 80% of people with high blood pressure. Two other studies cited by them showed that although only 10% of people with normal blood pressure have abnormally high blood levels of insulin, 50% of people with high blood pressure do.
Meanwhile, people strictly following the American Heart Association's guidelines on sodium intake (about half a teaspoon of salt per day) may be putting their health at risk by not getting the amount of sodium they need. There was a study of more than 100,000 people showing that consuming three to six grams of sodium a day was associated with a lower risk of death, heart attack and stroke compared with consuming any other amount. Three to six grams of sodium equals about one-and-a-half to three teaspoons of salt (salt itself is composed of 40% sodium and 60% chloride)-and this is about the average amount Americans ingest each day despite what the American Heart Association recommends.
Also, on average, sodium reduction has a minimal effect on reducing blood pressure, with studies showing blood pressure reductions of up to 4.8 mm Hg systolic and 2.5 mm Hg diastolic at best. Additionally, when salt intake is restricted, heart rate can increase (a harmful effect that is generally not mentioned by doctors and others who advocate salt restriction).
Read labels and eat "clean"
Sugars in their natural form found in fruits and other complex carbohydrates aren't the ones you should be worried about. We all know that a diet rich in fruits, legumes and leafy vegetables is good for heart health. It's the added sugar you want to avoid. Consider that those of us who consume 10% to 25% of our daily calories from added sugar have a 30% increased risk of death from cardiovascular disease compared with those who get less than 10% of their calories from added sugar. Beyond that 25% mark, the risk of death increases three-fold, the team said.
So if you're not on board already, strongly consider avoiding foods with added sugar, whether that sugar is listed as simply "sugar" or one of sugar's many other identities, including high-fructose com syrup, fructose, corn sweetener, com syrup, syrup, invert sugar, malt sugar, and even honey, molasses and fruit juice concentrate... and avoid the "ose" additives such as dextrose, glucose, lactose, maltose, and sucrose-those are also sugars (although the sugars containing fructose seem to have greater metabolic harms versus other sugars).
