In the latest analysis from the Women's Health Initiative (WHD) study, researchers report that risks to postmenopausal women who were taking estrogen-only hormone therapy faded rapidly after they ended the treatment.
The study found that when women stopped taking estrogen, the risk of stroke and blood clots, which were elevated while they were on estrogen, dropped quickly in several years of follow-up after treatment.
Possibly the most perplexing finding from this latest analysis is that a reduced risk of breast cancer persisted in women who had been on estrogen-only therapy.
Less Cause For Concern
"I think the findings are very reassuring. It doesn't appear that women have to be concerned about an increased risk of breast cancer from short-term use of estrogen therapy, and they might have a decreased risk of breast cancer, heart attack, and even dying." said the study's lead author, Andrea LaCroix, PhD, a professor of epidemiology and WHI investigator from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle.
Results of the study were published in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
Study Details
The Women's Health Initiative estrogen-alone trial included 10,739 postmenopausal women between the ages of 50 and 79 who had previously had a hysterectomy (surgical removal of the uterus).
The women were randomized to receive either estrogen treatment or a placebo. The study recruited women from 1993 through 1998, and the planned end of the study was in 2005. However, the study was stopped in 2004 when researchers realized the therapy was causing an increased risk of stroke and no apparent health benefits, according to Dr. LaCroix.
For the current analysis, 7,645 women agreed to continue participating in follow-up visits through 2009.
The good news from this analysis is that risks that increase while a woman is taking estrogen therapy appear to dissipate over time. While the odds of stroke and blood clots increase while on estrogen therapy, the risk returns to normal several years after stopping the hormone therapy. Women who had taken estrogen also had similar rates of heart disease and an overall risk of mortality compared with women on placebo at follow-up, according to the study.
Benefits
One benefit that was seen during the treatment phase of the trial-a reduced risk of hip fractures-didn't persist when the women stopped taking estrogen.
The benefit that did seem to last, however, was a decreased risk of breast cancer. Over the entire follow-up period, the incidence of breast cancer was 0.27% in women who took estrogen, and 0.35% in women who took the placebo.
Dr. LaCroix said it's unclear what the mechanism behind the apparent protection against breast cancer is. Normally, estrogen is implicated in the development of breast cancer, not in the prevention of the disease.
She said this aspect of the study definitely needs more research, but added of this finding, "It's reassuring, if you're a woman in your 50s who has menopausal symptoms and a reason for taking estrogen."
Graham A. Colditz, MD, DrPH, coauthor of an accompanying editorial in the same issue of the journal and chief of the division of public health sciences at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, said the reduction in breast cancer may be because these women were already past menopause when the estrogen was given. "There's an involution of breast cells after menopause, so there would appear to be fewer bad actors waiting to respond to the hormones," he said.
The study also found that the use of estrogen produced better outcomes for younger women than for women in their 70s. Heart disease risk, colorectal cancer risk and the overall risk of dying were lower in women in their 50s compared with those in their 70s, according to the study.
What This Means For You
"Women in their 50s—who are the best candidates for estrogen therapy-show the best benefit-to-risk profile for short-term use of estrogen therapy," said Dr. LaCroix. "We now have a really good set of data on what happens after you stop taking hormones and you can use this information to discuss risks and benefits with your physician," she added.
Dr. Colditz, however, wrote that the study showed "no substantial benefit" to women who undergo estrogen hormone therapy, compared with women who do not. "Women should use estrogen with caution," he concluded. "There are risks from taking hormone therapy. Even when using estrogen for one to two years for relief of menopausal symptoms, there are still risk-benefit issues to deal with."
