What if people received warnings about coming strokes a week or even a month before they occurred? You might assume that such an alert would cause people to seek medical attention so that the patient and his/her doctor could take measures to prevent a stroke. Usually, that's not the case.
Each year, an estimated quarter-million Americans receive a warning in the form of a transient ischemic attack (TIA), commonly known as a "ministroke." Unfortunately, the majority of patients who experience a TIA don't recognize its importance—and fail to get prompt medical care that likely could prevent a full-blown stroke. About 11% to 20% of patients who experience a TIA go on to suffer a stroke within three months.
Good news: Patients who experience a TIA and then take preventive steps can greatly reduce their risk for further problems.
Important: A TIA is an emergency, and everyone should know the symptoms. If you experience one of the symptoms described below for at least five minutes, see a doctor the same day—go to the emergency room, if necessary.
KNOW THE SYMPTOMS
Like the majority of strokes, a TIA is usually caused by a blood clot and/or material that breaks free from artery walls and temporarily blocks blood flow to parts of the brain. The blockage of the artery lasts long enough to stop blood flow and cause stroke-like symptoms, but not long enough to kill brain cells.
What to watch for…
- A dizzy spell that occurs for no obvious reason, such as standing too quickly or dizziness from a middle ear disease.
- Weakness and/or numbness on one side of tlre body—usually in the face or an arm or leg.
- The sensation that there's something in the eye, causing blurriness, double vision or even temporary blindness.
- Difficulty speaking or difficulty understanding what others are saying.
People should not panic if they experience one or more of these symptoms—they aren't always caused by a TIA. Dizzy spells can be caused by something as simple as a plug of earwax. The only way to know for sure whether you've suffered a TIA is to see a doctor.
DIAGNOSING TIAs
Researchers are in the process of identifying brain enzymes that are released during a TIA. Blood tests that diagnose TIAs based on the presence of these enzymes are being developed.
In the meantime, doctors diagnose most TIAs by taking a medical history of the event—what the patient felt, how long the symptoms lasted and whether the person has stroke risk factors, such as high blood pressure, family history, diabetes or smoking.
Physical findings: Atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) is the underlying cause of most TIAs (and the majority of strokes). Patients who have atherosclerosis elsewhere in the body, such as in the arteries leading to the legs, kidneys, heart, etc., are very likely to also have damaged carotid arteries—blood vessels in the neck that carry blood to the brain.
In some cases, a doctor can detect problems in the carotid afiery by listening carefully with a stethoscope. There are characteristic sounds (bruits) that indicate atherosclerosis.
In other cases, additional tests are required…
- Carotid ultrasonography uses sound waves to detect blood-vessel narrowing and/ or clots in the carotid arteries. This is a good screening test for people with stroke risk factors or a family history of strokes or TIAs.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) also measures blockages in the carotid arteries.
If atherosclerotic blockages of 50% to 70% ate found from either test, further evaluation and treatment is necessary.
TREATMENT APPROACHES
Patients with carotid artery blockages of 50% or more are usually advised to take strict steps, including the use of medication, to reduce risk. If their disease progresses to 70% blockage, surgery is typically recommended...
Carotid endarterectomy is an in-patient procedure in which an incision is made to expose the carotid artery, and plaques are removed from the artery. When performed by a skilled surgeon, the risk for stroke or death is less than 1 percent, and the patient recovers within a week.
Stenting is an inpatient procedure in which an expandable metal net is threaded into the carotid artery. The net presses against the artery walls...dilates the opening for better circulation... and helps prevent the artery from "shedding" more clots.
Stenting, however, has not been performed long enough for its long-term effectiveness and durability to be known. One possible risk is that a dislodged blood clot could get carried in the bloodstream to the brain.
TIA patients who don't require surgery are almost always treated with drugs to prevent blood from clotting. Main drug therapies...
Aspirin is most often used. Taking a regular aspirin (three times weekly) or baby aspirin (daily), depending on the patient, can reduce stroke risk by up to 20%.
Aspirin plus an anti-clotting drug. Adding other active ingredients to aspirin can reduce stroke risk by an additional 3% to 5%
Example: Aspirin plus dipyridamole (Aggrenox).
Aspirin alternatives, such as clopidogrel (Plavix) and ticlopidine, can prevent excessively sticky platelets from clumping together and forming clots. These drugs are a good choice for patients who are allergic to aspirin or who have an ulcer or acid reflux disease, which can be aggravated by aspirin.
