People who have direct-to-consumer genetic testing don't experience any short-term increase in anxiety after receiving the results, whether they are positive or negative, researchers report.
Nor do they make any lifestyle changes or get screening tests that might modify that risk, despite professing the intention to do so, according to a study published in The New England Journal of Medicine.
"This has been a contentious area," said se nior study author Eric Topol, MD, director of the Scripps Translational Science Institute in La Jolla, California. "There have been proclamations that this would induce a tremendous amount of fear and trauma for people and speculation as to whether it would help at all, and there were some things in this study that were encouraging."
This is the first study to investigate the impact of such genome-wide scans on people, he added.
Genome Profiles Are New
Direct-to-consumer genetic (DTC) testing, in which consumers can have their genome checked for everything from caffeine metabolism to Alzheimer's risk, is a relatively new phenomenon, and experts are still sorting out the pros and cons of the practice.
Last year, Pathway Genomics announced that it would start selling tests (in general, the test can cost from $400 to $2,000) at Walgreen's stores, which are ubiquitous in the United States. (Walgreen's reversed its decision, however, after the US Food and Drug Administration raised questions about the supplier.)
Question Of Accuracy
Even if patients are not disturbed by the results of direct-to-consumer genome-wide profiling, experts are worried that the results may not be valid. Bruce R. Korf, MD, PhD, president of the American College of Genetics, is concerned about is whether the data "given to patients was accurate to patients. This (study) was not intended to assess whether the tests had clinical validity or were clinically useful."
And there has been considerable debate on that point. An undercover investigation of 15 DTC genetic testing services by the US Government Accountability Office found egregious examples of deceptive marketing, in addition to poor or nonexistent advice from supposed consultation experts, according to the medical journal The Lancet.
Study Details
The current study examined about 2,000 participants who were recruited to take a genome-wide test known as Navigenics Health Compass, described by the study authors as a commercially available (genetics) test of uncertain validity and utility," at a discounted rate. In a baseline questionnaire completed by the participants, there were no differences in anxiety or in exercise levels or in fat intake before and five-to-six months after the test was taken.
More than 90% of participants, who tended to be well-educated, had no test-related distress.
And although participants expressed the desire to get relevant screening tests, most did not.
The scan tested for more than 20 health conditions including macular degeneration, heart attack, colon cancer and psoriasis. The risk for all could be modified.
Implications
"There's no evidence of improving lifestyle, which is sobering but nothing else has improved lifestyle, so maybe we shouldn't have been so surprised," Dr. Topol said.
Navigenics Health Compass did not respond to a request for comment on the findings.
Ongoing Research
The study, which is funded by the National Institutes of Health and Scripps Institute, will be ongoing for 20 years, leaving time for some of those results to change.
"At least we've got the groundwork laid that people are going to do OK getting that information. They're not going to be depressed or anxious," Dr. Topol said. "We can't expect it to be a way to get people to take better care of themselves."
He and the other researchers noted the study also had a number of limitations, including the lack of a control group, its lack of representation of the population in general, and a large percentage of people (44%) who failed to complete the study-a fact that researchers noted could possibly indicate that some drop-outs were psychologically distressed by the genetic testing results.
Possibility For Harm
Other experts also stressed that the findings do not absolve direct-to-consumer genetic testing kits of the possibility for harm.
The study did not address the possibility of "false reassurance," pointed out Dr. Korf, who is also chair of genetics at the University of Alabama at Birmingham.
"There is some concern that somebody is going to learn they're at somewhat reduced risk for, let's say type 2 diabetes, and decide because of that they don't need to watch their diet any more," he said. "The (test) may not give you the whole story and may not even be true for (that patient)."
"We've felt pretty strongly that, for the most part, this type of consumer genomic profiling is not ready for prime time, not because of anxiety but because tests have not been validated so that we know they are giving correct information," Dr. Korf added. "You have to know what you can and can't learn from this and what kinds of things you can do."
